Description: Jaws Coin 25th Anniversary 1975 - 2000 This Silver Plated Coin was minted in the year 2000 to comeratate the 25th Anniversary if the Film Jaws One side is a 3D Great White Shark and the other side has the poster from the film / book Also included is a card one side is an image of the director Steven Spielberg in the Sharks mouth which has his autograph printed onto the card. The other has Ray Schnieder star of the Jaws film with an image from the film it has his signature printed on the card with the words "Smile you S.O.B" which is a quote from the filmThe card is the size of a standard business card 55mm x 85mm The dimensions of the irregular shaped coin is 5cm / 2" by 3 cm / 1.25" It weights 13 grams or just under half an ounce In Excellent Condition Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake souvenir of a Great Film Click Here to Check out my Similar Coins Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 600 Satisfied CustomersI have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment. Overseas Bidders Please Note Surface Mail Delivery Times >Western Europe takes up to 2 weeks, Eastern Europe up to 5 weeks, North America up to 6 weeks, South America, Africa and Asia up to 8 weeks and Australasia up to 12 weeks Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!!Also if bidding from overseas and you want your item tracked please select the International Signed for Postage Option For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain!XXXX - DO NOT CLICK HERE - XXXX Click Here to Add me to Your List of Favourite SellersIf You Have any Questions Please Message me through ebay and I Will Reply ASAP The Countries I Send to Include Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) * Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe Great white sharkConservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]Scientific classificationeditKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesSuperorder: SelachimorphaOrder: LamniformesFamily: LamnidaeGenus: CarcharodonA. Smith, 1838Species: C. carchariasBinomial nameCarcharodon carcharias(Linnaeus, 1758)Cypron-Range Carcharodon carcharias.svg Global range as of 2010SynonymsSqualus carcharias Linnaeus, 1758Carharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)Squalus caninus Osbeck, 1765Carcharias lamia Rafinesque, 1810Carcharias verus Cloquet, 1817Squalus vulgaris Richardson, 1836Carcharias vulgaris (Richardson, 1836)Carcharodon smithii Agassiz, 1838Carcharodon smithi Bonaparte, 1838Carcharodon rondeletii Müller & Henle, 1839Carcharodon capensis Smith, 1839Carcharias atwoodi Storer, 1848Carcharias maso Morris, 1898Carcharodon albimors Whitley, 1939The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the white shark, white pointer, or simply great white, is a species of large mackerel shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. It is notable for its size, with larger female individuals growing to 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and 1,905–2,268 kg (4,200–5,000 lb) in weight at maturity.[3][4][5] However, most are smaller; males measure 3.4 to 4.0 m (11 to 13 ft), and females measure 4.6 to 4.9 m (15 to 16 ft) on average.[4][6] According to a 2014 study, the lifespan of great white sharks is estimated to be as long as 70 years or more, well above previous estimates,[7] making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fishes currently known.[8] According to the same study, male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring.[9] Great white sharks can swim at speeds of 25 km/hr (16 mph)[10] for short bursts and to depths of 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[11] The great white shark is an apex predator, as it has no known natural predators other than, on very rare occasions, the orca.[12] It is arguably the world's largest-known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals, up to the size of large baleen whales. This shark is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish, and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon, and is responsible for more recorded human bite incidents than any other shark.[13][14] The species faces numerous ecological challenges which has resulted in international protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the great white shark as a vulnerable species,[1] and it is included in Appendix II of CITES.[15] It is also protected by several national governments, such as Australia (as of 2018).[16] Due to their need to travel long distances for seasonal migration and extremely demanding diet, it is not logistically feasible to keep great white sharks in captivity; because of this, while attempts have been made to do so in the past, there are no known aquariums in the world believed to house a live specimen.[17] The novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and its subsequent film adaptation by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a ferocious man-eater. Humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark,[18] but the great white is nevertheless responsible for the largest number of reported and identified fatal unprovoked shark attacks on humans, although this happens very rarely (typically fewer than 10 times a year globally).[19][20] TaxonomyThe great white is the sole recognized extant species in the genus Carcharodon, and is one of five extant species belonging to the family Lamnidae.[21] Other members of this family include the mako sharks, porbeagle, and salmon shark. The family belongs to the Lamniformes, the order of mackerel sharks.[22] Etymology and naming history The name 'great white shark' likely comes from the shark's size, as well as the white underside exposed on beached sharks.The English name 'white shark' and its Australian variant 'white pointer'[23] is thought to have come from the shark's stark white underside, a characteristic feature most noticeable in beached sharks lying upside down with their bellies exposed.[24] Colloquial use favours the name ‘great white shark’, perhaps because ‘great’ stresses the size and prowess of the species.[25] Another reason might be that “white shark” was a term historically used to describe The oceanic white-tipped shark, and thus, being much larger than the latter shark, it was named “Great” as the “white” part of its name was already used for another shark, which was subsequently referred to as the “lesser white shark”. Most scientists prefer ‘white shark’, due to the fact the name “lesser white shark” is no longer used.[25] Some use ‘white shark’ to refer to all members of the Lamnidae.[22] The scientific genus name Carcharodon literally means "jagged tooth", a reference to the large serrations that appear in the shark's teeth. Broken down, it is a portmanteau of two Ancient Greek words. The prefix carchar- is derived from καρχαρίας (kárkharos), which means "jagged" or "sharp". The suffix -odon is a romanization of ὀδών (odṓn), a which translates to "tooth". The specific name carcharias is a Latinization of καρχαρίας (karkharías), the Ancient Greek word for shark.[21] The great white shark was one of the species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, in which it was identified as an amphibian and assigned the scientific name Squalus carcharias, Squalus being the genus that he placed all sharks in.[26] By the 1810s, it was recognized that the shark should be placed in a new genus, but it was not until 1838 when Sir Andrew Smith coined the name Carcharodon as the new genus.[27] There have been a few attempts to describe and classify the great white before Linnaeus. One of its earliest mentions in literature as a distinct type of animal appears in Pierre Belon's 1553 book De aquatilibus duo, cum eiconibus ad vivam ipsorum effigiem quoad ejus fieri potuit, ad amplissimum cardinalem Castilioneum. In it, he illustrated and described the shark under the name Canis carcharias based on the jagged nature of its teeth and its alleged similarities with dogs.[a] Another name used for the great white around this time was Lamia, first coined by Guillaume Rondelet in his 1554 book Libri de Piscibus Marinis, who also identified it as the fish that swallowed the prophet Jonah in biblical texts.[28] Linnaeus recognized both names as previous classifications.[26] Fossil ancestry Carcharias taurusSandtiger shark (Duane Raver).png Cetorhinus maximus Lamna nasus Lamna ditropis Carcharodon carcharias White shark (Duane Raver).png Isurus oxyrinchusShortfin mako shark (Duane Raver).png Isurus paucus Phylogenetic relationship between the Great white shark and other sharks based on molecular data conducted by Human et al. (2006)[29]Molecular clock studies published between 1988 and 2002 determined the closest living relative of the great white to be the mako sharks of the genus Isurus, which diverged some time between 60 to 43 million years ago.[30][31] Tracing this evolutionary relationship through fossil evidence, however, remains subject to further paleontological study.[31] The original hypothesis of the great white shark's origin held that it is a descendant of a lineage of mega-toothed sharks, and is closely related to the prehistoric megalodon.[31][32] These sharks were considerably large in size, with megalodon attaining an estimated length of up to 14.2–16 m (47–52 ft).[33][34] Similarities between the teeth of great white and mega-toothed sharks, such as large triangular shapes, serrated blades, and the presence of dental bands, led the primary evidence of a close evolutionary relationship. As a result, scientists classified the ancient forms under the genus Carcharodon. Although weaknesses in the hypothesis existed, such as uncertainty over exactly which species evolved into the modern great white and multiple gaps in the fossil record, paleontologists were able to chart the hypothetical lineage back to a 60-million-year-old shark known as Cretalamna as the common ancestor of all sharks within the Lamnidae.[30][32] Illustrated evolution from C. hastalis to C. carchariasHowever, it is now understood that the great white shark holds closer ties to the mako sharks and is descended from a separate lineage as a chronospecies unrelated to the mega-toothed sharks.[31] This was proven with the discovery of a transitional species that connected the great white to an unserrated shark known as Carcharodon hastalis.[35][36] This transitional species, which was named Carcharodon hubbelli in 2012, demonstrated a mosaic of evolutionary transitions between the great white and C. hastalis, namely the gradual appearance of serrations,[35] in a span of between 8 to 5 million years ago.[37] The progression of C. hubbelli characterized shifting diets and niches; by 6.5 million years ago, the serrations were developed enough for C. hubbelli to handle marine mammals.[35] Although both the great white and C. hastalis were known worldwide,[31] C. hubbelli is primarily found in California, Peru, Chile, and surrounding coastal deposits,[38] indicating that the great white had Pacific origins.[35] C. hastalis continued to thrive alongside the great white until its last appearance around one million years ago[39] and is believed to have possibly sired a number of additional species, including Carcharodon subserratus[31][35] and Carcharodon plicatilis.[31] However, Yun argued that the tooth fossil remains of C. hastalis and Great White Shark "have been documented from the same deposits, hence the former cannot be a chronospecific ancestor of the latter."[40] He also criticized that the C. hastalis "morphotype has never been tested through phylogenetic analyses," and denoted that as of 2021, the argument that the modern Carcharodon lineage with narrow, serrated teeth evolved from C. hastalis with a broad, unserrated teeth is uncertain.[40] Tracing beyond C. hastalis, another prevailing hypothesis proposes that the great white and mako lineages shared a common ancestor in a primitive mako-like species.[41] The identity of this ancestor is still debated, but a potential species includes Isurolamna inflata, which lived between 65 to 55 million years ago. It is hypothesized that the great white and mako lineages split with the rise of two separate descendants, the one representing the great white shark lineage being Macrorhizodus praecursor.[41][42] Distribution and habitat Shark in Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve, MexicoGreat white sharks live in almost all coastal and offshore waters which have water temperature between 12 and 24 °C (54 and 75 °F), with greater concentrations in the United States (Northeast and California), South Africa, Japan, Oceania, Chile, and the Mediterranean including Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus.[43][44] One of the densest-known populations is found around Dyer Island, South Africa.[45] The great white is an epipelagic fish, observed mostly in the presence of rich game, such as fur seals (Arctocephalus ssp.), sea lions, cetaceans, other sharks, and large bony fish species. In the open ocean, it has been recorded at depths as great as 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[11] These findings challenge the traditional notion that the great white is a coastal species.[11] According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California Peninsula and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around 900 m (3,000 ft). After they arrive, they change behaviour and do short dives to about 300 m (980 ft) for up to ten minutes. Another white shark that was tagged off the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. A similar study tracked a different great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of 20,000 km (12,000 mi; 11,000 nmi) in under nine months.[46] These observations argue against traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators, and open up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete. The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating.[47] In the Northwest Atlantic, the white shark populations off the New England coast were nearly eradicated due to over-fishing.[48] In recent years, the populations have grown greatly,[49] largely due to the increase in seal populations on Cape Cod, Massachusetts since the enactment of the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972.[50] Currently very little is known about the hunting and movement patterns of great whites off Cape Cod, but ongoing studies hope to offer insight into this growing shark population.[51] The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries (part of the Department of Fish and Game) began a population study in 2014; since 2019, this research has focused on how humans can avoid conflict with sharks.[52] A 2018 study indicated that white sharks prefer to congregate deep in anticyclonic eddies in the North Atlantic Ocean. The sharks studied tended to favour the warm-water eddies, spending the daytime hours at 450 meters and coming to the surface at night.[53] Anatomy and appearance Upper teeth Lower teeth Great white shark's skeletonThe great white shark has a robust, large, conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size which is similar to some mackerel sharks. A great white displays countershading, by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight. Leucism is extremely rare in this species, but has been documented in one great white shark (a pup that washed ashore in Australia and died).[54] Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh.[55] Great white sharks, like other mackerel sharks, have larger eyes than other shark species in proportion to their body size. The iris of the eye is a deep blue instead of black.[56] Size Specimen caught off Cuba in 1945 which was allegedly 6.4 m (21 ft) long and weighed an estimated 3,175–3,324 kg (7,000–7,328 lb).[57][58] Later studies proved this specimen to be in the normal size range, at around 4.9 m (16 ft) in length.[4]In great white sharks, sexual dimorphism is present, and females are generally larger than males. Male great whites on average measure 3.4 to 4.0 m (11 to 13 ft) long, while females at 4.6 to 4.9 m (15 to 16 ft).[6] Adults of this species weigh 522–771 kg (1,151–1,700 lb) on average;[59] however, mature females can have an average mass of 680–1,110 kg (1,500–2,450 lb).[4] The largest females have been verified up to 6.1 m (20 ft) in length and an estimated 1,905 kg (4,200 lb) in weight,[4] perhaps up to 2,268 kg (5,000 lb).[5] The maximum size is subject to debate because some reports are rough estimations or speculations performed under questionable circumstances.[60] Among living cartilaginous fish, only the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and the giant manta ray (Manta birostris), in that order, are on average larger and heavier. These three species are generally quite docile in disposition and given to passively filter-feeding on very small organisms.[59] This makes the great white shark the largest extant macropredatory fish. Great white sharks are at around 1.2 m (3.9 ft) when born, and grow about 25 cm (9.8 in) each year.[61] According to J. E. Randall, the largest white shark reliably measured was a 5.94 m (19.5 ft) individual reported from Ledge Point, Western Australia in 1987.[62] Another great white specimen of similar size has been verified by the Canadian Shark Research Center: A female caught by David McKendrick of Alberton, Prince Edward Island, in August 1988 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence off Prince Edward Island. This female great white was 6.1 m (20 ft) long.[4] However, there was a report considered reliable by some experts in the past, of a larger great white shark specimen from Cuba in 1945.[58][63][64][65] This specimen was reportedly 6.4 m (21 ft) long and had a body mass estimated at 3,324 kg (7,328 lb).[58][64] However, later studies also revealed that this particular specimen was actually around 4.9 m (16 ft) in length, a specimen in the average maximum size range.[4] The largest great white recognized by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is one caught by Alf Dean in south Australian waters in 1959, weighing 1,208 kg (2,663 lb).[60] Examples of large unconfirmed great whitesA number of very large unconfirmed great white shark specimens have been recorded.[66] For decades, many ichthyological works, as well as the Guinness Book of World Records, listed two great white sharks as the largest individuals: In the 1870s, a 10.9 m (36 ft) great white captured in southern Australian waters, near Port Fairy, and an 11.3 m (37 ft) shark trapped in a herring weir in New Brunswick, Canada, in the 1930s. However, these measurements were not obtained in a rigorous, scientifically valid manner, and researchers have questioned the reliability of these measurements for a long time, noting they were much larger than any other accurately reported sighting. Later studies proved these doubts to be well-founded. This New Brunswick shark may have been a misidentified basking shark, as the two have similar body shapes. The question of the Port Fairy shark was settled in the 1970s when J. E. Randall examined the shark's jaws and "found that the Port Fairy shark was of the order of 5 m (16 ft) in length and suggested that a mistake had been made in the original record, in 1870, of the shark's length".[62] Photo of large shark on shore surrounded by peopleGreat white shark caught off Hualien County, Taiwan, on 14 May 1997: It was reportedly (unconfirmed) almost 7 m (23 ft) in length with a mass of 2,500 kg (5,500 lb).[66]While these measurements have not been confirmed, some great white sharks caught in modern times have been estimated to be more than 7 m (23 ft) long,[67] but these claims have received some criticism.[60][67] However, J. E. Randall believed that great white shark may have exceeded 6.1 m (20 ft) in length.[62] A great white shark was captured near Kangaroo Island in Australia on 1 April 1987. This shark was estimated to be more than 6.9 m (23 ft) long by Peter Resiley,[62][68] and has been designated as KANGA.[67] Another great white shark was caught in Malta by Alfredo Cutajar on 16 April 1987. This shark was also estimated to be around 7.13 m (23.4 ft) long by John Abela and has been designated as MALTA.[67] [69] However, Cappo drew criticism because he used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the KANGA specimen was 5.8–6.4 m (19–21 ft) long.[67] In a similar fashion, I. K. Fergusson also used shark size estimation methods proposed by J. E. Randall to suggest that the MALTA specimen was 5.3–5.7 m (17–19 ft) long.[67] However, photographic evidence suggested that these specimens were larger than the size estimations yielded through Randall's methods.[67] Thus, a team of scientists—H. F. Mollet, G. M. Cailliet, A. P. Klimley, D. A. Ebert, A. D. Testi, and L. J. V. Compagno—reviewed the cases of the KANGA and MALTA specimens in 1996 to resolve the dispute by conducting a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the remains of these sharks and re-examination of photographic evidence in an attempt to validate the original size estimations and their findings were consistent with them. The findings indicated that estimations by P. Resiley and J. Abela are reasonable and could not be ruled out.[67] A particularly large female great white nicknamed "Deep Blue", estimated measuring at 6.1 m (20 ft) was filmed off Guadalupe during shooting for the 2014 episode of Shark Week "Jaws Strikes Back". Deep Blue would also later gain significant attention when she was filmed interacting with researcher Mauricio Hoyas Pallida in a viral video that Mauricio posted on Facebook on 11 June 2015.[70] Deep Blue was later seen off Oahu in January 2019 while scavenging a sperm whale carcass, whereupon she was filmed swimming beside divers including dive tourism operator and model Ocean Ramsey in open water.[71][72][73] In July 2019, a fisherman, J. B. Currell, was on a trip to Cape Cod from Bermuda with Tom Brownell when they saw a large shark about 40 mi (64 km) southeast of Martha's Vineyard. Recording it on video, he said that it weighed about 5,000 lb (2,300 kg), and measured 25–30 ft (7.6–9.1 m), evoking a comparison with the fictional shark Jaws. The video was shared with the page "Troy Dando Fishing" on Facebook.[74] A particularly infamous great white shark, supposedly of record proportions, once patrolled the area that comprises False Bay, South Africa, was said to be well over 7 m (23 ft) during the early 1980s. This shark, known locally as the "Submarine", had a legendary reputation that was supposedly well-founded. Though rumours have stated this shark was exaggerated in size or non-existent altogether, witness accounts by the then young Craig Anthony Ferreira, a notable shark expert in South Africa, and his father indicate an unusually large animal of considerable size and power (though it remains uncertain just how massive the shark was as it escaped capture each time it was hooked). Ferreira describes the four encounters with the giant shark he participated in with great detail in his book "Great White Sharks On Their Best Behavior".[75] One contender in maximum size among the predatory sharks is the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). While tiger sharks which are typically both a few feet smaller and have a leaner, less heavy body structure than white sharks, have been confirmed to reach at least 5.5 m (18 ft) in the length, an unverified specimen was reported to have measured 7.4 m (24 ft) in length and weighed 3,110 kg (6,860 lb), more than two times heavier than the largest confirmed specimen at 1,524 kg (3,360 lb).[59][76][77] Some other macropredatory sharks such as the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) and the Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus) are also reported to rival these sharks in length (but probably weigh a bit less since they are more slender in build than a great white) in exceptional cases.[78][79] Reported sizesDate Location Reported length Reported weight DUJP Reported tooth size Scientifically analyzed length CommentsAdaptationsPhoto of shark swimming at water surfaceA great white shark swimmingGreat white sharks, like all other sharks, have an extra sense given by the ampullae of Lorenzini which enables them to detect the electromagnetic field emitted by the movement of living animals. Great whites are so sensitive they can detect variations of half a billionth of a volt. At close range, this allows the shark to locate even immobile animals by detecting their heartbeat.[97] Most fish have a less-developed but similar sense using their body's lateral line.[98] Shark biting into the fish head teaser bait next to a cage in False Bay, South AfricaTo more successfully hunt fast and agile prey such as sea lions, the great white has adapted to maintain a body temperature warmer than the surrounding water. One of these adaptations is a "rete mirabile" (Latin for "wonderful net"). This close web-like structure of veins and arteries, located along each lateral side of the shark, conserves heat by warming the cooler arterial blood with the venous blood that has been warmed by the working muscles. This keeps certain parts of the body (particularly the stomach) at temperatures up to 14 °C (25 °F) [99] above that of the surrounding water, while the heart and gills remain at sea temperature. When conserving energy, the core body temperature can drop to match the surroundings. A great white shark's success in raising its core temperature is an example of gigantothermy. Therefore, the great white shark can be considered an endothermic poikilotherm or mesotherm because its body temperature is not constant but is internally regulated.[55][100] Great whites also rely on the fat and oils stored within their livers for long-distance migrations across nutrient-poor areas of the oceans.[101] Studies by Stanford University and the Monterey Bay Aquarium published on 17 July 2013 revealed that in addition to controlling the sharks' buoyancy, the liver of great whites is essential in migration patterns. Sharks that sink faster during drift dives were revealed to use up their internal stores of energy quicker than those which sink in a dive at more leisurely rates.[102] Toxicity from heavy metals seems to have little negative effects on great white sharks. Blood samples taken from forty-three individuals of varying size, age and sex off the South African coast led by biologists from the University of Miami in 2012 indicates that despite high levels of mercury, lead, and arsenic, there was no sign of raised white blood cell count and granulate to lymphocyte ratios, indicating the sharks had healthy immune systems. This discovery suggests a previously unknown physiological defence against heavy metal poisoning. Great whites are known to have a propensity for "self-healing and avoiding age-related ailments".[103] Bite forceA 2007 study from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, used CT scans of a shark's skull and computer models to measure the shark's maximum bite force. The study reveals the forces and behaviours its skull is adapted to handle and resolves competing theories about its feeding behaviour.[104] In 2008, a team of scientists led by Stephen Wroe conducted an experiment to determine the great white shark's jaw power and findings indicated that a specimen massing 3,324 kg (7,328 lb) could exert a bite force of 18,216 newtons (4,095 lbf).[64] Ecology and behaviourPhoto of inverted shark at surfaceA shark turns onto its back while hunting tuna baitThis shark's behaviour and social structure are complex.[105] In South Africa, white sharks have a dominance hierarchy depending on the size, sex and squatter's rights: Females dominate males, larger sharks dominate smaller sharks, and residents dominate newcomers. When hunting, great whites tend to separate and resolve conflicts with rituals and displays. White sharks rarely resort to combat although some individuals have been found with bite marks that match those of other white sharks. This suggests that when a great white approaches too closely to another, they react with a warning bite. Another possibility is that white sharks bite to show their dominance. Data acquired from animal-borne telemetry receivers and published in 2022 via the journal Royal Society Publishing suggests that individual great whites may associate so that they can inadvertently share information on the whereabouts of prey or the location of the remains of animals that can be scavenged. As biologging can help to reveal social habits, it allows a better understanding to be made in future studies regarding the full extent of social interactions in large marine animals, including the great white shark.[106] The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey. This is known as spy-hopping. This behaviour has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water). White sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it. At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable "clans" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown, but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack; in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a variety of interactions.[107] Diet A beachcomber looking at bite marks from a great white shark on a beached whale carcassGreat white sharks are carnivorous and prey upon fish (e.g. tuna, rays, other sharks),[107] cetaceans (i.e., dolphins, porpoises, whales), pinnipeds (e.g. seals, fur seals,[107] and sea lions), sea turtles,[107] sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and seabirds.[108] Great whites have also been known to eat objects that they are unable to digest. Juvenile white sharks predominantly prey on fish, including other elasmobranchs, as their jaws are not strong enough to withstand the forces required to attack larger prey such as pinnipeds and cetaceans until they reach a length of 3 m (9.8 ft) or more, at which point their jaw cartilage mineralizes enough to withstand the impact of biting into larger prey species.[109] Upon approaching a length of nearly 4 m (13 ft), great white sharks begin to target predominantly marine mammals for food, though individual sharks seem to specialize in different types of prey depending on their preferences.[110][111] They seem to be highly opportunistic.[112][113] These sharks prefer prey with a high content of energy-rich fat. Shark expert Peter Klimley used a rod-and-reel rig and trolled carcasses of a seal, a pig, and a sheep from his boat in the South Farallons. The sharks attacked all three baits but rejected the sheep carcass.[114] Off of Seal Island, False Bay in South Africa, the sharks ambush brown fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) from below at high speeds, hitting the seal mid-body. They achieve high speeds that allow them to completely breach the surface of the water. The peak burst speed is estimated to be above 40 km/h (25 mph).[115] They have also been observed chasing prey after a missed attack. Prey is usually attacked at the surface.[116] Shark attacks occur most often in the morning, within two hours of sunrise, when visibility is poor. Their success rate is 55% in the first two hours, falling to 40% in late morning after which hunting stops.[107] Off California, sharks immobilize northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) with a large bite to the hindquarters (which is the main source of the seal's mobility) and wait for the seal to bleed to death. This technique is especially used on adult male elephant seals, which are typically larger than the shark, ranging between 1,500 and 2,000 kg (3,300 and 4,400 lb), and are potentially dangerous adversaries.[117][118] Most commonly though, juvenile elephant seals are the most frequently eaten at elephant seal colonies.[119] Prey is normally attacked sub-surface. Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are taken from the surface and dragged down until they stop struggling. They are then eaten near the bottom. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are ambushed from below and struck mid-body before being dragged and eaten.[120] Great white shark near Gansbaai, showing upper and lower teethIn the Northwest Atlantic mature great whites are known to feed on both harbor and grey seals.[50] Unlike adults, juvenile white sharks in the area feed on smaller fish species until they are large enough to prey on marine mammals such as seals.[121] White sharks also attack dolphins and porpoises from above, behind or below to avoid being detected by their echolocation. Targeted species include dusky dolphins (Sagmatias obscurus),[67] Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus),[67] bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops ssp.),[67][122] humpback dolphins (Sousa ssp.),[122] harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena),[67] and Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli).[67] Groups of dolphins have occasionally been observed defending themselves from sharks with mobbing behaviour.[122] White shark predation on other species of small cetacean has also been observed. In August 1989, a 1.8 m (5.9 ft) juvenile male pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) was found stranded in central California with a bite mark on its caudal peduncle from a great white shark.[123] In addition, white sharks attack and prey upon beaked whales.[67][122] Cases where an adult Stejneger's beaked whale (Mesoplodon stejnegeri), with a mean mass of around 1,100 kg (2,400 lb),[124] and a juvenile Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), an individual estimated at 3 m (9.8 ft), were hunted and killed by great white sharks have also been observed.[125] When hunting sea turtles, they appear to simply bite through the carapace around a flipper, immobilizing the turtle. The heaviest species of bony fish, the oceanic sunfish (Mola mola), has been found in great white shark stomachs.[112] Whale carcasses comprise an important part of the diet of white sharks. However, this has rarely been observed due to whales dying in remote areas. It has been estimated that 30 kg (66 lb) of whale blubber could feed a 4.5 m (15 ft) white shark for 1.5 months. Detailed observations were made of four whale carcasses in False Bay between 2000 and 2010. Sharks were drawn to the carcass by chemical and odour detection, spread by strong winds. After initially feeding on the whale caudal peduncle and fluke, the sharks would investigate the carcass by slowly swimming around it and mouthing several parts before selecting a blubber-rich area. During feeding bouts of 15–20 seconds the sharks removed flesh with lateral headshakes, without the protective ocular rotation they employ when attacking live prey. The sharks were frequently observed regurgitating chunks of blubber and immediately returning to feed, possibly in order to replace low energy yield pieces with high energy yield pieces, using their teeth as mechanoreceptors to distinguish them. After feeding for several hours, the sharks appeared to become lethargic, no longer swimming to the surface; they were observed mouthing the carcass but apparently unable to bite hard enough to remove flesh, they would instead bounce off and slowly sink. Up to eight sharks were observed feeding simultaneously, bumping into each other without showing any signs of aggression; on one occasion a shark accidentally bit the head of a neighbouring shark, leaving two teeth embedded, but both continued to feed unperturbed. Smaller individuals hovered around the carcass eating chunks that drifted away. Unusually for the area, large numbers of sharks over five metres long were observed, suggesting that the largest sharks change their behaviour to search for whales as they lose the manoeuvrability required to hunt seals. The investigating team concluded that the importance of whale carcasses, particularly for the largest white sharks, has been underestimated.[126] A shark scavenging on a whale carcass in False Bay, South AfricaIn another documented incident, white sharks were observed scavenging on a whale carcass alongside tiger sharks.[127] In 2020, marine biologists Sasha Dines and Enrico Gennari published a documented incident in the journal Marine and Freshwater Research of a group of great white sharks exhibiting pack-like behaviour, successfully attacking and killing a live juvenile 7 m (23 ft) humpback whale. The sharks utilized the classic attack strategy used on pinnipeds when attacking the whale, even utilizing the bite-and-spit tactic they employ on smaller prey items. The whale was an entangled individual, heavily emaciated and thus more vulnerable to the sharks' attacks. The incident is the first known documentation of great whites actively killing a large baleen whale.[128][129] A second incident regarding great white sharks killing humpback whales involving a single large female great white nicknamed Helen was documented off the coast of South Africa. Working alone, the shark attacked a 33 ft (10 m) emaciated and entangled humpback whale by attacking the whale's tail to cripple it before she managed to drown the whale by biting onto its head and pulling it underwater. The attack was witnessed via aerial drone by marine biologist Ryan Johnson, who said the attack went on for roughly 50 minutes before the shark successfully killed the whale. Johnson suggested that the shark may have strategized its attack in order to kill such a large animal.[130][131] Stomach contents of great whites also indicates that whale sharks both juvenile and adult may also be included on the animal's menu, though whether this is active hunting or scavenging is not known at present.[132][133] ReproductionGreat white sharks were previously thought to reach sexual maturity at around 15 years of age, but are now believed to take far longer; male great white sharks reach sexual maturity at age 26, while females take 33 years to reach sexual maturity.[9][134][135] Maximum life span was originally believed to be more than 30 years, but a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution placed it at upwards of 70 years. Examinations of vertebral growth ring count gave a maximum male age of 73 years and a maximum female age of 40 years for the specimens studied. The shark's late sexual maturity, low reproductive rate, long gestation period of 11 months and slow growth make it vulnerable to pressures such as overfishing and environmental change.[8] Little is known about the great white shark's mating habits, and mating behaviour had not been observed in this species until 1997 and properly documented in 2020. It was assumed previously to be possible that whale carcasses are an important location for sexually mature sharks to meet for mating.[126] According to the testimony of fisherman Dick Ledgerwood, who observed two great white sharks mating in the area near Port Chalmers and Otago Harbor, in New Zealand, it is theorized that great white sharks mate in shallow water away from feeding areas and continually roll belly to belly during copulation.[136] Birth has never been observed, but pregnant females have been examined. Great white sharks are ovoviviparous, which means eggs develop and hatch in the uterus and continue to develop until birth.[137] The great white has an 11-month gestation period. The shark pup's powerful jaws begin to develop in the first month. The unborn sharks participate in oophagy, in which they feed on ova produced by the mother. Delivery is in spring and summer.[138] The largest number of pups recorded for this species is 14 pups from a single mother measuring 4.5 m (15 ft) that was killed incidentally off Taiwan in 2019.[139] Breaching behaviour Great white shark breaching near Gansbaai in South AfricaA breach is the result of a high-speed approach to the surface with the resulting momentum taking the shark partially or completely clear of the water. This is a hunting technique employed by great white sharks whilst hunting seals. This technique is often used on cape fur seals at Seal Island in False Bay, South Africa. Because the behaviour is unpredictable, it is very hard to document. It was first photographed by Chris Fallows and Rob Lawrence who developed the technique of towing a slow-moving seal decoy to trick the sharks to breach.[140] Between April and September, scientists may observe around 600 breaches. The seals swim on the surface and the great white sharks launch their predatory attack from the deeper water below. They can reach speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph) and can at times launch themselves more than 3 m (10 ft) into the air. Just under half of observed breach attacks are successful.[141] In 2011, a 3-m-long shark jumped onto a seven-person research vessel off Seal Island in Mossel Bay. The crew were undertaking a population study using sardines as bait, and the incident was judged not to be an attack on the boat but an accident.[142] Natural threats Comparison of the size of an average orca and an average great white sharkInterspecific competition between the great white shark and the orca is probable in regions where dietary preferences of both species may overlap.[122] An incident was documented on 4 October 1997, in the Farallon Islands off California in the United States. An estimated 4.7–5.3 m (15–17 ft) female orca immobilized an estimated 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) great white shark.[143] The orca held the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility and kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate. The orca then proceeded to eat the dead shark's liver.[122][143][144] It is believed that the scent of the slain shark's carcass caused all the great whites in the region to flee, forfeiting an opportunity for a great seasonal feed.[145] Another similar attack apparently occurred there in 2000, but its outcome is not clear.[146] After both attacks, the local population of about 100 great whites vanished.[144][146] Following the 2000 incident, a great white with a satellite tag was found to have immediately submerged to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft) and swum to Hawaii.[146] In 2015, a pod of orcas was recorded to have killed a great white shark off South Australia.[147] In 2017, three great whites were found washed ashore near Gansbaai, South Africa, with their body cavities torn open and the livers removed by what is likely to have been orcas.[148] Orcas also generally impact great white distribution. Studies published in 2019 of orca and great white shark distribution and interactions around the Farallon Islands indicate that the cetaceans impact the sharks negatively, with brief appearances by orcas causing the sharks to seek out new feeding areas until the next season.[149] It is unclear whether this is an example of competitive exclusion or ecology of fear. Occasionally, however, some great whites have been seen to swim near orcas without fear.[150] Relationship with humansShark bite incidentsMain article: Shark attackOf all shark species, the great white shark is responsible for by far the largest number of recorded shark bite incidents on humans, with 272 documented unprovoked bite incidents on humans as of 2012.[19] More than any documented bite incident, Peter Benchley's best-selling novel Jaws and the subsequent 1975 film adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg provided the great white shark with the image of being a "man-eater" in the public mind.[151] While great white sharks have killed humans in at least 74 documented unprovoked bite incidents, they typically do not target them: for example, in the Mediterranean Sea there have been 31 confirmed bite incidents against humans in the last two centuries, most of which were non-fatal. Many of the incidents seemed to be "test-bites". Great white sharks also test-bite buoys, flotsam, and other unfamiliar objects, and they might grab a human or a surfboard to identify what it is. Photo of open-mouthed shark at surface.The great white shark is one of only four kinds of shark that have been involved in a significant number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.Contrary to popular belief, great white sharks do not mistake humans for seals.[152] Many bite incidents occur in waters with low visibility or other situations which impair the shark's senses. The species appears to not like the taste of humans, or at least finds the taste unfamiliar. Further research shows that they can tell in one bite whether or not the object is worth predating upon. Humans, for the most part, are too bony for their liking. They much prefer seals, which are fat and rich in protein.[153] Studies published in 2021 by Ryan et al. in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface suggest that mistaken identity is in fact a case for many shark bite incidents perpetrated by great white sharks. Using cameras and footage of seals in aquariums as models and mounted cameras moving at the same speed and angle as a cruising great white shark looking up at the surface from below, the experiment suggests that the sharks are likely colorblind and cannot see in fine enough detail to determine whether the silhouette above them is a pinniped or a swimming human, potentially vindicating the hypothesis.[154] Humans are not appropriate prey because the shark's digestion is too slow to cope with a human's high ratio of bone to muscle and fat. Accordingly, in most recorded shark bite incidents, great whites broke off contact after the first bite. Fatalities are usually caused by blood loss from the initial bite rather than from critical organ loss or from whole consumption. From 1990 to 2011 there have been a total of 139 unprovoked great white shark bite incidents, 29 of which were fatal.[155] However, some researchers have hypothesized that the reason the proportion of fatalities is low is not that sharks do not like human flesh, but because humans are often able to escape after the first bite. In the 1980s, John McCosker, chair of aquatic biology at the California Academy of Sciences, noted that divers who dived solo and were bitten by great whites were generally at least partially consumed, while divers who followed the buddy system were generally rescued by their companion. McCosker and Timothy C. Tricas, an author and professor at the University of Hawaii, suggest that a standard pattern for great whites is to make an initial devastating attack and then wait for the prey to weaken before consuming the wounded animal. Humans' ability to move out of reach with the help of others, thus foiling the attack, is unusual for a great white's prey.[156] Shark cullingMain article: Shark culling A beached baby white sharkShark culling is the deliberate killing of sharks by a government in an attempt to reduce shark attacks; shark culling is often called "shark control".[157] These programs have been criticized by environmentalists and scientists—they say these programs harm the marine ecosystem; they also say such programs are "outdated, cruel, and ineffective".[158] Many different species (dolphins, turtles, etc.) are also killed in these programs (because of their use of shark nets and drum lines)—15,135 marine animals were killed in New South Wales' nets between 1950 and 2008,[157] and 84,000 marine animals were killed by Queensland authorities from 1962 to 2015.[159] Great white sharks are currently killed in both Queensland and New South Wales in "shark control" (shark culling) programs.[157] Queensland uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks, while New South Wales only uses nets. From 1962 to 2018, Queensland authorities killed about 50,000 sharks, many of which were great whites.[160] From 2013 to 2014 alone, 667 sharks were killed by Queensland authorities, including great white sharks.[157] In Queensland, great white sharks found alive on the drum lines are shot.[161] In New South Wales, between 1950 and 2008, a total of 577 great white sharks were killed in nets.[157] Between September 2017 and April 2018, fourteen great white sharks were killed in New South Wales.[162] KwaZulu-Natal (an area of South Africa) also has a "shark control" program that kills great white sharks and other marine life. In a 30-year period, more than 33,000 sharks were killed in KwaZulu-Natal's shark-killing program, including great whites.[163] In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy, colloquially referred to as the Western Australian shark cull, was intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark bite incidents, following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010–2013.[164] Baited drum lines were deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch great white sharks, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive were shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[165] The government claimed they were not culling the sharks, but were using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[166] Barnett described opposition as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing could change his mind.[167] This policy was met with widespread condemnation from the scientific community, which showed that species responsible for bite incidents were notoriously hard to identify, that the drum lines failed to capture white sharks, as intended, and that the government also failed to show any correlation between their drum line policy and a decrease in shark bite incidents in the region.[168] Attacks on boatsGreat white sharks infrequently bite and sometimes even sink boats. Only five of the 108 authenticated unprovoked shark bite incidents reported from the Pacific Coast during the 20th century involved kayakers.[169] In a few cases they have bitten boats up to 10 m (33 ft) in length. They have bumped or knocked people overboard, usually biting the boat from the stern. In one case in 1936, a large shark leapt completely into the South African fishing boat Lucky Jim, knocking a crewman into the sea. Tricas and McCosker's underwater observations suggest that sharks are attracted to boats by the electrical fields they generate, which are picked up by the ampullae of Lorenzini and confuse the shark about whether or not wounded prey might be nearby.[170] In captivitySee also: Monterey Bay Aquarium § Great white sharksPhoto of sharkGreat white shark in the Monterey Bay Aquarium in September 2006Prior to August 1981, no great white shark in captivity lived longer than 11 days. In August 1981, a great white survived for 16 days at SeaWorld San Diego before being released.[171] The idea of containing a live great white at SeaWorld Orlando was used in the 1983 film Jaws 3-D. Monterey Bay Aquarium first attempted to display a great white in 1984, but the shark died after 11 days because it did not eat.[172] In July 2003, Monterey researchers captured a small female and kept it in a large netted pen near Malibu for five days. They had the rare success of getting the shark to feed in captivity before its release.[173] Not until September 2004 was the aquarium able to place a great white on long-term exhibit. A young female, which was caught off the coast of Ventura, was kept in the aquarium's 3.8 million l (1 million US gal) Outer Bay exhibit for 198 days before she was released in March 2005. She was tracked for 30 days after release.[174] On the evening of 31 August 2006, the aquarium introduced a juvenile male caught outside Santa Monica Bay.[175] His first meal as a captive was a large salmon steak on 8 September 2006, and as of that date, he was estimated to be 1.72 m (68 in) in length and to weigh approximately 47 kg (104 lb). He was released on 16 January 2007, after 137 days in captivity. Monterey Bay Aquarium housed a third great white, a juvenile male, for 162 days between 27 August 2007, and 5 February 2008. On arrival, he was 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long and weighed 30.6 kg (67 lb). He grew to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and 64 kg (141 lb) before release. A juvenile female came to the Outer Bay Exhibit on 27 August 2008. While she did swim well, the shark fed only once during her stay and was tagged and released on 7 September 2008. Another juvenile female was captured near Malibu on 12 August 2009, introduced to the Outer Bay exhibit on 26 August 2009, and was successfully released into the wild on 4 November 2009.[176] The Monterey Bay Aquarium introduced a 1.4-m-long male into their redesigned "Open Sea" exhibit on 31 August 2011. He was exhibited for 55 days, and was released into the wild on the 25th of October the same year. However, the shark was determined to have died shortly after release via an attached electronic tag. The cause of death is not known.[177][178][179] The Monterey Bay Aquarium does not plan to exhibit any more great whites, as the main purpose of containing them was scientific. As data from captive great whites were no longer needed, the institute has instead shifted its focus to study wild sharks.[180] One of the largest adult great whites ever exhibited was at Japan's Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in 2016, where a 3.5 m (11 ft) male was exhibited for three days before dying.[181][182] Perhaps the most famous captive was a 2.4 m (7.9 ft) female named Sandy, which in August 1980 became the only great white to be housed at the California Academy of Sciences' Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco, California. She was released because she would not eat and constantly bumped against the walls.[183] Due to the vast amounts of resources required and the subsequent cost to keep a great white shark alive in captivity, their dietary preferences, size, migratory nature, and the stress of capture and containment, permanent exhibition of a great white shark is likely to be unfeasible.[184] Shark tourismCage diving is most common at sites where great whites are frequent including the coast of South Africa, the Neptune Islands in South Australia,[185] and Guadalupe Island in Baja California. The popularity of cage diving and swimming with sharks is at the focus of a booming tourist industry.[186][187] A common practice is to chum the water with pieces of fish to attract the sharks. These practices may make sharks more accustomed to people in their environment and to associate human activity with food; a potentially dangerous situation. By drawing bait on a wire towards the cage, tour operators lure the shark to the cage, possibly striking it, exacerbating this problem. Other operators draw the bait away from the cage, causing the shark to swim past the divers. At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys.[188] In South Australia, playing rock music recordings underwater, including the AC/DC album Back in Black has also been used experimentally to attract sharks.[189] Companies object to being blamed for shark bite incidents, pointing out that lightning tends to strike humans more often than sharks bite humans.[190] Their position is that further research needs to be done before banning practices such as chumming, which may alter natural behaviour.[191] One compromise is to only use chum in areas where whites actively patrol anyway, well away from human leisure areas. Also, responsible dive operators do not feed sharks. Only sharks that are willing to scavenge follow the chum trail and if they find no food at the end then the shark soon swims off and does not associate chum with a meal. It has been suggested that government licensing strategies may help enforce these responsible tourism.[188] Photo of man dropping chum off the side of a boatPutting chum in the water A great white shark approaches divers in a cage off Dyer Island, Western Cape, South Africa A great white shark approaches a cage Tourists in a cage near Gansbaai Conservation statusIt is unclear how much of a concurrent increase in fishing for great white sharks has caused the decline of great white shark populations from the 1970s to the present. No accurate global population numbers are available, but the great white shark is now considered vulnerable.[1] Sharks taken during the long interval between birth and sexual maturity never reproduce, making population recovery and growth difficult.[9] The International Union for Conservation of Nature notes that very little is known about the actual status of the great white shark, but as it appears uncommon compared to other widely distributed species, it is considered vulnerable.[1] It is included in Appendix II of CITES,[15] meaning that international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) requires a permit.[192] As of March 2010, it has also been included in Annex I of the CMS Migratory Sharks MoU, which strives for increased international understanding and coordination for the protection of certain migratory sharks.[193] A February 2010 study by Barbara Block of Stanford University estimated the world population of great white sharks to be lower than 3,500 individuals, making the species more vulnerable to extinction than the tiger, whose population is in the same range.[194] According to another study from 2014 by George H. Burgess, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, there are about 2,000 great white sharks near the California coast, which is 10 times higher than the previous estimate of 219 by Barbara Block.[195][196] Fishermen target many sharks for their jaws, teeth, and fins, and as game fish in general. The great white shark, however, is rarely an object of commercial fishing, although its flesh is considered valuable. If casually captured (it happens for example in some tonnare in the Mediterranean), it is misleadingly sold as smooth-hound shark.[197] In AustraliaThe great white shark was declared vulnerable by the Australian Government in 1999 because of significant population decline and is currently protected under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act.[198] The causes of decline prior to protection included mortality from sport fishing harvests as well as being caught in beach protection netting.[199] The national conservation status of the great white shark is reflected by all Australian states under their respective laws, granting the species full protection throughout Australia regardless of jurisdiction.[198] Many states had prohibited the killing or possession of great white sharks prior to national legislation coming into effect. The great white shark is further listed as threatened in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, and as rare or likely to become extinct under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia.[198] In 2002, the Australian government created the White Shark Recovery Plan, implementing government-mandated conservation research and monitoring for conservation in addition to federal protection and stronger regulation of shark-related trade and tourism activities.[199] An updated recovery plan was published in 2013 to review progress, research findings, and to implement further conservation actions.[16] A study in 2012 revealed that Australia's white shark population was separated by Bass Strait into genetically distinct eastern and western populations, indicating a need for the development of regional conservation strategies.[200] Presently, human-caused shark mortality is continuing, primarily from accidental and illegal catching in commercial and recreational fishing as well as from being caught in beach protection netting, and the populations of great white shark in Australia are yet to recover.[16] In spite of official protections in Australia, great white sharks continue to be killed in state "shark control" programs within Australia. For example, the government of Queensland has a "shark control" program (shark culling) which kills great white sharks (as well as other marine life) using shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks.[201][157] In Queensland, great white sharks that are found alive on the baited hooks are shot.[161] The government of New South Wales also kills great white sharks in its "shark control" program.[157] Partly because of these programs, shark numbers in eastern Australia have decreased.[160] The Australasian population of great white sharks is believed to be in excess of 8,000–10,000 individuals according to genetic research studies done by CSIRO, with an adult population estimated to be around 2,210 individuals in both Eastern and Western Australia. The annual survival rate for juveniles in these two separate populations was estimated in the same study to be close to 73 percent, while adult sharks had a 93 percent annual survival rate. Whether or not mortality rates in great white sharks have declined, or the population has increased as a result of the protection of this species in Australian waters is as yet unknown due to the slow growth rates of this species.[202] In New ZealandAs of April 2007, great white sharks were fully protected within 370 km (230 mi) of New Zealand and additionally from fishing by New Zealand-flagged boats outside this range. The maximum penalty is a $250,000 fine and up to six months in prison.[203] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the great white shark under the New Zealand Threat Classification System as "Nationally Endangered". The species meets the criteria for this classification as there exists a moderate, stable population of between 1000 and 5000 mature individuals. This classification has the qualifiers "Data Poor" and "Threatened Overseas".[204] In North AmericaIn 2013, great white sharks were added to California's Endangered Species Act. From data collected, the population of great whites in the North Pacific was estimated to be fewer than 340 individuals. Research also reveals these sharks are genetically distinct from other members of their species elsewhere in Africa, Australia, and the east coast of North America, having been isolated from other populations.[205] A 2014 study estimated the population of great white sharks along the California coastline to be approximately 2,400.[206][207] In 2015 Massachusetts banned catching, cage diving, feeding, towing decoys, or baiting and chumming for its significant and highly predictable migratory great white population without an appropriate research permit. 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Queensland's Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals, retrieved 30 August 2019 Roff, George; Brown, Christopher J.; Priest, Mark A.; Mumby, Peter J. (2018). "Decline of coastal apex shark populations over the past half century". Communications Biology. 1 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0233-1. PMC 6292889. PMID 30564744. Wang, Kelly (4 September 2018). "Heartbreaking Photos Show the Brutal Lengths Australia Is Going to In Order to 'Keep Sharks Away From Tourists'". One Green Planet. Retrieved 29 August 2019. Mackenzie, Bruce (4 August 2018), Sydney Shark Nets Set to Stay Despite Drumline Success, Swellnet.com., retrieved 30 August 2019 Shark Nets, Sharkangels.org, archived from the original on 19 September 2018, retrieved 30 August 2019 "New measures to combat WA shark risks". Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. Arup, Tom (21 January 2014), "Greg Hunt grants WA exemption for shark cull plan", The Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, archived from the original on 22 January 2014 "Can governments protect people from killer sharks?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014. Australia shark policy to stay, despite threats TVNZ, 20 January 2014. "More than 100 shark scientists, including me, oppose the cull in Western Australia". 23 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2016. "Unprovoked White Shark Attacks on Kayakers". Shark Research Committee. Retrieved 14 September 2008. Tricas, Timothy C.; McCosker, John E. (1984). "Predatory Behaviour of the White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias), with Notes on its Biology" (PDF). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 43 (14): 221–238. "Great white shark sets record at California aquarium". USA Today. 2 October 2004. Retrieved 27 September 2006. Hopkins, Christopher Dean (8 January 2016). "Great White Shark Dies After Just 3 Days In Captivity At Japan Aquarium". NPR. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017. Gathright, Alan (16 September 2004). "Great white shark puts jaws on display in aquarium tank". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 27 September 2006. "White Shark Research Project". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2006. Squatriglia, Chuck (1 September 2003). "Great white shark introduced at Monterey Bay Aquarium". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 27 September 2006. "Learn All About Our New White Shark". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009. "New great white shark goes on display at Monterey Bay Aquarium". 1 September 2011. "Great White Shark Dies Shortly After Release From Monterey Aquarium". 3 November 2011. "Great white shark dies after release from Monterey Bay Aquarium". Los Angeles Times. 3 November 2011. "White Shark". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 21 August 2021. Hongo, Jun (8 January 2016). "Great White Shark Dies at Aquarium in Japan". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2016. "Great white shark dies after three days in Japanese aquarium". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016. "Electroreception". Elasmo-research. Retrieved 27 September 2006. "There's a Reason You'll Never See a Great White Shark in an Aquarium". "Shark cage diving". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013. Squires, Nick (18 January 1999). "Swimming With Sharks". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2003. Retrieved 21 January 2010. Simon, Bob (11 December 2005). "Swimming With Sharks". 60 Minutes. Retrieved 22 January 2010. "Blue Water Hunting Successfully". Blue Water Hunter. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012. "A Great white shark's favorite tune? 'Back in Black'" Archived 16 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Surfersvillage Global Surf News (3 June 2011). Retrieved 30 January 2014. "Shark Attacks Compared to Lightning". Florida Museum of Natural History. 18 July 2003. Retrieved 7 November 2006. Hamilton, Richard (15 April 2004). "SA shark attacks blamed on tourism". BBC. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2006. "Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II". CITES (1973). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2012. "Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks" (PDF). Convention on Migratory Species. 12 February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012. Sample, Ian (19 February 2010). "Great white shark is more endangered than tiger, claims scientist". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 August 2013. Jenkins, P. Nash (24 June 2014). "Beachgoers Beware: The Great White Shark Population Is Growing Again". Time. Retrieved 29 October 2014. Gannon, Megan (20 June 2014). "Great White Sharks Are Making a Comeback off US Coasts". livescience.com. Retrieved 29 October 2014. De Maddalena, Alessandro; Heim, Walter (2012). Mediterranean Great White Sharks: A Comprehensive Study Including All Recorded Sightings. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5889-9. Government of Australia. "Species Profile and Threats Database – Carcharodon carcharias—Great White Shark". Retrieved 21 August 2013. Environment Australia (2002). White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Recovery Plan (Report). Blower, Dean C.; Pandolfi, John M.; Bruce, Barry D.; Gomez-Cabrera, Maria del C.; Ovenden, Jennifer R. (2012). "Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals fine-scale spatial structure, transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 455: 229–244. Bibcode:2012MEPS..455..229B. doi:10.3354/meps09659. "About the Campaign: Sea Shepherd Working Together With The Community To Establish Sustainable Solutions To Shark Bite Incidents". seashepherd.org. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2019. Hillary, Rich; Bradford, Russ; Patterson, Toby (8 February 2018). "World-first genetic analysis reveals Aussie white shark numbers". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 August 2021. "Great white sharks to be protected". The New Zealand Herald. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2006. Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-988514-62-8. OCLC 1042901090. Quan, Kristene (4 March 2013). "Great White Sharks Are Now Protected under California Law". Time. Williams, Lauren (3 July 2014). "Shark numbers not tanking". Huntington Beach Wave. The Orange County Register. p. 12. Burgess, George H.; Bruce, Barry D.; Cailliet, Gregor M.; Goldman, Kenneth J.; Grubbs, R. Dean; Lowe, Christopher J.; MacNeil, M. Aaron; Mollet, Henry F.; Weng, Kevin C.; O'Sullivan, John B. (16 June 2014). "A Re-Evaluation of the Size of the White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Population off California, USA". PLoS ONE. 9 (6): e98078. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998078B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098078. PMC 4059630. PMID 24932483. New Regulations Affecting Activity around White Sharks. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Division of Marine Fisheries (4 June 2015)External linksGreat white feasting on a whale's carcassGreat white survives attack by orcas near Neptune Islands, AustraliaGreat white and orca fight off the coast of CaliforniaGreat whites with a pod of orcas off the coast of South AfricaOcean Ramsey Encounters GIANT 20 ft (6.1 m) Great White Shark, near Oahu, HawaiiLongest Shark Ever Recorded!vteSharksTopics Outline of sharksShark anatomyShark teethEgg case (Chondrichthyes)Threat displayThreatened sharksTaxonomy Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)HexanchiformesLamniformes (Mackerel sharks)Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)SqualiformesSquatiniformes (Angel sharks)† Cladoselachiformes† Hybodontiformes† Symmoriida† Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)List of sharksHumaninteraction Shark attack AustraliaRéunionSouth AfricaSouth AustraliaShark attack preventionShark cage divingShark culling Drum linesShark netShark tourismRelated Sharks in popular cultureShark sanctuaryShark AllianceU.S. Shark Conservation ActGrey nurse shark conservationSave Our Seas Foundation Category WikiProjectvteExtant mackerel shark speciesKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass ChondrichthyesSubclass ElasmobranchiiSubdivision SelachiiAlopiidae Alopias Pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus)Bigeye thresher (A. superciliosus)Common thresher (A. vulpinus)Cetorhinidae Cetorhinus Basking shark (C. maximus)Lamnidae Carcharodon Great white shark (C. carcharias)Isurus Shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus)Longfin mako shark (I. paucus)Lamna Salmon shark (L. ditropis)Porbeagle (L. nasus)Megachasmidae Megachasma Megamouth shark (M. pelagios)Mitsukurinidae Mitsukurina Goblin shark (M. owstoni)Odontaspididae Carcharias Sand tiger shark (C. taurus)Odontaspis Smalltooth sand tiger (O. ferox)Bigeye sand tiger (O. noronhai)Pseudocarchariidae Pseudocarcharias Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai)Taxon identifiersCarcharodon carcharias Wikidata: Q129026Wikispecies: Carcharodon carchariasADW: Carcharodon_carchariasAFD: Carcharodon_carchariasBioLib: 138646BOLD: 16843CMS: carcharodon-carchariasEoL: 213726EPPO: KCHRCAEUNIS: 8FishBase: 751Fossilworks: 83174GBIF: 2420694iNaturalist: 50873IRMNG: 10151761ITIS: 159903IUCN: 3855NBN: NHMSYS0001745235NCBI: 13397NZOR: 244f7afa-54f2-456c-a968-232316b7b208Species+: 11210SPRAT: 64470WoRMS: 105838Squalus carcharias Wikidata: Q48410245GBIF: 2421169IRMNG: 10572621ITIS: 159905WoRMS: 299133ZooBank: 5B6D56C6-3426-417A-AA32-63464DB72FB3Authority control: National libraries Edit this at Wikidata France (data)GermanyIsraelUnited StatesCategories: IUCN Red List vulnerable speciesApex predatorsCarcharodonCosmopolitan fishExtant Miocene first appearancesFish described in 1758Ovoviviparous fishScavengersTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus During a party at the beaches of Amity Island, a young woman named Chrissie Watkins leaves with her boyfriend, who later becomes unconscious and goes skinny dipping. While swimming out towards a near buoy, she is seized and grabbed by something below from surface that thrashes her around. She tries to grab onto the buoy to pull herself up, but the force drags her underneath the ocean. Chrissie is reported missing and her remains are later found on the beach by the Deputy of police chief Martin Brody. The medical examiner informs Brody that she was killed by a shark. Brody plans to close the beaches to ensure the safety of the people, but is overruled by Mayor Vaughn, who fears that reports of a shark attack will ruin the summer tourist season, the town's primary source of income. After the medical examiner falsely concludes Watkins' death was on account of a boating accident, Brody reluctantly goes along with the explanation. Later at the beach, the shark kills a young boy swimming on his raft and swimmers struggled to get out of the water. The boy's mother places a bounty on the shark, sparking an amateur shark-hunting frenzy and attracting the attention of local professional shark hunter Quint, who offers to kill the shark for $10,000. Two men plot to catch the shark by attaching using a roast, on a hook, hitched to a wooden jetty. The plan goes awry when the dock is pulled apart by the shark, which almost takes one man to his demise. Marine biologist Matt Hooper examines Chrissie's remains and determines unequivocally that she was killed by a shark, not a boat. When fishermen capture a large tiger shark, the townspeople believe it to be the culprit of the earlier killings and the case is now closed. Hooper asks to examine its stomach contents, but Vaughn refuses. That evening, Brody and Hooper secretly open the shark's stomach and discover that it does not contain any human remains. They head out to sea to find the shark, but instead find the wreckage of a boat belonging to a local fisherman, Ben Gardner. Hooper explores the vessel underwater and discovers a sizable shark's tooth protruding from the damaged hull before he is startled by Gardner's corpse, causing him to drop the tooth. Without evidence, Vaughn refuses to close the beaches or hire Quint. Many tourists arrive on the Fourth of July, where a dorsal fin is sighted, causing mass panic, only for it to come on land and be discovered to be made of plastic — it was a prank orchestrated by local teenagers. As people are calming down and recovering from the panic of the prank, the shark enters a cove and tilts a rowboat, killing the boater. Brody's son Michael, who narrowly escapes the attack, goes into shock. Brody finally convinces Vaughn to hire Quint, and Quint reluctantly allows Hooper and Brody to join the hunt. The three set out to kill the shark aboard Quint's vessel, The Orca. Brody is given the task of laying a chum line but an enormous great white looms up behind the boat, and the trio watch it circle the Orca. Quint estimates its size as twenty-five feet in length, with a weight of over three tons. He harpoons it with a line attached to a flotation barrel, but the shark pulls the barrel underwater and disappears. The men retire to the cabin, where Quint relates his experience with sharks as a survivor of the sinking of the USS Indianapolis. The shark returns, damages the hull and slips away. It reappears in the morning. Brody attempts to call the U.S. Coast Guard, but Quint destroys the radio, enraging Brody. After a long chase, Quint harpoons two more barrels to the shark, and the men tie them both to the stern, but the shark drags the boat backwards, forcing water onto the deck and flooding the engine. Before Quint can sever the lines with a machete, the stern cleats are yanked out. He then heads toward shore, hoping to draw it into shallow waters and suffocate it. In his obsession to kill the shark, Quint burns out the Orca's engine. With the boat immobilized, the trio attempt a desperate approach: Hooper dons scuba gear and enters the ocean inside a shark proof cage, intending to lethally inject the shark with a hypodermic spear filled with strychnine. The shark attacks and demolishes the cage from behind, causing Hooper to drop the spear before he can inject it. When the shark becomes entangled in the wrecked cage, Hooper escapes and hides in the seabed. The shark then leaps onto the boat and attacks it directly, crushing the transom. Quint slides down the deck and is devoured alive by the shark. When the shark attacks again, Brody shoves a pressurized scuba tank into its mouth, then takes Quint's rifle and climbs the sinking Orca's mast. The shark, with the tank still in its mouth, begins swimming toward Brody, who shoots the tank, causing it to explode and blowing the shark to pieces. Hooper swims to the surface and he and Brody use the barrels to swim back to shore. CastRoy Scheider as Martin Brody.Robert Shaw as QuintRobert Shaw as BruceRichard Dreyfuss as Matt HooperLorraine Gary as ReporterMurray Hamilton as SchoolJonathan Filley as CassidySusan Backlinie as ChrissieSteven Spielberg as DirectorCarlos Alazraqui as Additional VoicesJack Angel as Additional VoicesMichael Bell as Additional VoicesBob Bergen as Additional VoicesSusan Blu as Additional VoicesAndrea Boerries as Additional VoicesMarco Boerries as Additional VoicesRodger Bumpass as Additonal VoicesTorbin Xan Bullock as Additional VoicesRichard Cawood as Additional VoicesScott Clark as Additional VoicesKathy Coates as Additional VoicesJohn Cygan as Additional VoicesJennifer Darling as Additional VoicesPaul Eiding as Additional VoicesJeff Garlin as Additional VoicesBill Farmer as Additional VoicesBrian Fee as Additional VoicesJerry Trainor as Additional VoicesTeresa Ganzel as Additional VoicesCraig Good as Additional VoicesSamuel Vincent as Additional VoicesJess Harnell as Additional VoicesDavid Soren as Additional VoicesSeth Rogen as Additional VoicesArtie Kempner as Additional VoicesHooman Khalili as Additional VoicesSonoko Konishi as Additional VoicesErik Langley as Additional VoicesSherry Lynn as Additional VoicesDanny Mann as Additional VoicesDanny Mann as Additional VoicesMickie McGowan as Additional VoicesLaraine Newman as Additional VoicesTeddy Newton as Additional VoicesColleen O'Shaughnessey as Additional VoicesBob Peterson as Additional VoicesSteve Purcell as Additional VoicesJan Rabson as Additional VoicesA.J. Riebli, III as Additional VoicesDan Scanlon as Additional VoicesStephen Schaffer as Additional VoicesKen Schretzmann as Additional VoicesBob Scott as Additional VoicesMatt Staudt as Additional VoicesJay Ward as Additional VoicesJim Ward as Additional VoicesColette Whitaker as Additional VoicesFred Tatasciore as Additional VoicesJamie Clay as Additional VoicesSheryl Crow as Additional VoicesPhil Proctor as Additional VoicesDave Wittenberg as Additional VoicesProduction The cast of JAWS. In May of 1974 production of a feature film, "Jaws", began quietly on what is known as South beach on the coast of Martha's Vineyard. JAWS was later released to overwhelming critical acclaim during the sumer of 1975, now referred to as 'the summer of the shark'. Besides being plagued with countless production problems including a malfunctioning shark and a sinking camera boat, the crew endured and the film was miraculously completed. Legacy Two fin fans from Georgia meet production designer Joe Alves As a result, fans of the film (or 'fin fans'), continue to flock to the island to relive the initial fear that kept so many out of the ocean during the summer of the film's release. In line with this move by the chamber of commerce, an event (Jawsfest: Tribute) took place on the Island during the summer of 2012, and a new Blu-ray release of the film was released following extensive restoration of the original negatives.[1] TriviaJaws is the very first Summer Blockbuster to ever be created.The movie is the first one to ever make $100 million dollars at the Box Office.The shark was nicknamed after Steven Spielberg's Lawyer, Bruce M. Ramer.The news reporter (who's reporting about the recent Shark Attacks) is played by Peter Benchley, The author of the Jaws Novel and Co-Screenwriter of the movie.The line "You're gonna need a bigger boat." never was in the script. Roy Scheider came up with it while filming the scene.The stunt double for Hooper in the Cage Scene was Richard Warlock - who played Michael Myers in Halloween II.The scene where Bruce got caught in the Rope of the Cage was actual shark footage that was shot off the Coast of Australia. It originally went wrong but they wanted to use it for something, so they added it into the film.Ben Gardener’s jump scare didn’t originally have the best impact on the audience, so Steven Spielberg spent his own money for it to be reshot to get the scene just right and have the audience the most scared.
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Options: Commemorative
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Fineness: 0.5
Material: Metal
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Colour: Silver
Year of Issue: 2000
Currency: Commerative
Features: Commemorative
Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
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Country of Origin: United States
